What’s Really in Your Bottled Water? - Consumer Reports (2025)

CR recently tested 47 bottled waters, including 35 noncarbonated and 12 carbonated ones. For each product, we tested two to four samples. The tests focused on four heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury), plus 30 PFAS chemicals, which pose special concerns because they can linger in the environment almost indefinitely.

The federal government has issued only voluntary guidance for PFAS, saying the combined amounts for two specific PFAS compounds should be below 70 parts per trillion. A few states have set lower limits, of 12 to 20 ppt, according to American Water Works, an industry group. The International Bottled Water Association, another group, says that it supports federal limits for PFAS and that bottled water should have PFAS levels below 5 ppt for any single compound and 10 ppt for more than one. Some experts say the cutoff for total PFAS levels should be even lower, 1 ppt.

Noncarbonated Water

Most of the noncarbonated products CR tested had detectable levels of PFAS, but only two—Tourmaline Spring and Deer Park—exceeded 1 part per trillion.

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Tourmaline Spring says the amount of PFAS in its bottled water is below the levels set by the IBWA and all states. Nestlé, which makes Deer Park, says that its most recent testing for the brand indicated undetectable levels of PFAS.

All noncarbonated water that CR tested had heavy metal levels well below federal safety limits, with one exception: Starkey Spring Water, owned by Whole Foods. It had arsenic levels just shy of the federal limit of 10 parts per billion and more than three times as much as CR’s recommended level of 3 ppb.

The company’s “highest priority is to provide customers with safe, high-quality, and refreshing spring water,” Whole Foods says. “These products meet all FDA requirements and are fully compliant with FDA standards for heavy metals.”

Get ‘Forever Chemicals’ Out of Bottled Water!

Tell industry to set strict limits for PFAS.

Carbonated Water

All carbonated water that CR tested fell below legal limits for heavy metals, and none had arsenic levels above CR’s recommended maximum of 3 parts per billion. But many products had measurable amounts of PFAS.

There are a few possible reasons. Phil Brown, at the PFAS Project Lab at Northeastern University in Boston, says the carbonation process could be a factor. The source water could also have more PFAS, or treatment used by some brands doesn’t remove PFAS to below 1 part per trillion.

CR heard back from all companies with PFAS levels above 1 ppt, except for Bubly. La Croix and Canada Dry said levels in their products were well below current standards or requirements. Topo Chico, made by Coca-Cola and with the highest PFAS levels in CR’s tests, said it would “continue to make improvements to prepare for more stringent standards in the future.” Nestlé, maker of Poland Spring and Perrier, said that its recent testing did not detect PFAS and that it supports efforts to set federal limits. LaCroix and Polar challenged how CR arrived at our total PFAS amounts. For details, read CR’s methodology for testing bottled water (PDF).

Brian Ronholm, CR’s director of food policy, says that PFAS in carbonated water highlights the need for the federal government to set science-based limits for PFAS compounds in tap and bottled drinking water. “The fact that so many brands had total PFAS below 1 ppt shows it is feasible to get to more protective levels,” he says.

Noncarbonated

LOWER HEAVY METAL AND PFAS LEVELS

365 Everyday Value
(Whole Foods) Spring Water

Absopure
Purified Water

Alkaline88
Natural Alkaline Water

Aquafina
Natural Purified Water

Arrowhead*
Natural Spring Water

Boxed Water Is Better*
Water

Core
Hydration Natural
Enhanced Water

Crystal Geyser
Natural Spring Water

Dasani
Natural Purified Water

Essentia
Natural Purified Alkaline Water

Evian
Natural Spring Water

Fiji Water
Natural Artesian Water

Flow
Alkaline Spring Water

Good & Gather* (Target)
Purified Drinking Water

Great Value (Walmart)
Natural Purified Water

Ice Mountain
Natural Spring Water

Just
100% Spring Water

Just The Basics
(CVS) Purified Water

Kirkland Signature
(Costco Purified Water)

LifeWtr
Natural Purified Water

Liquid Death
Spring Water

Nestlé Pure Life
Natural Purified Water

Niagara
Natural Purified Water

Ozarka
Natural Spring Water

Pathwater
Purified Water

Penta
Ultra Pure Water

Poland Spring
Natural Spring Water

Saratoga
Natural Spring Water

Smartwater
Natural Enhanced Water

Trader Joe’s
Alkaline Water + Electrolytes

Waiakea
Hawaiian Volcanic Water

Zephyrhills
Natural Spring Water

* Had no detectable PFAS.

TOTAL PFAS OVER 1 PPT

ARSENIC OVER 3 PPB

Deer Park
Natural Spring Water (1.21 ppt)

Tourmaline Spring
Sacred Living Water (4.64 ppt.)

Starkey Spring Water
(Whole Foods) (9.53 ppb)

TOTAL PFAS OVER 1 PPT

Deer Park
Natural Spring Water (1.21 ppt)

Tourmaline Spring
Sacred Living Water (4.64 ppt.)

ARSENIC OVER 3 PPB

Starkey Spring Water
(Whole Foods) (9.53 ppb)

Carbonated

LOWER TOTAL PFAS LEVELS

CARBONATED BRANDS

Sparkling Ice Black Raspberry Sparkling Water

Spindrift Raspberry Lime Sparkling Water

Sanpellegrino Natural Sparkling Mineral Water

Dasani Black Cherry Sparkling Water

Schweppes Lemon Lime Sparkling Water Beverage

TOTAL PFAS
(PARTS PER TRILLION)

Not Detected

0.19

0.31

0.37

0.58

TOTAL PFAS OVER 1 PPT

Perrier Natural Sparkling Mineral Water

La Croix Natural Sparkling Water

Canada Dry Lemon Lime Sparkling Seltzer Water

Poland Spring Zesty Lime Sparkling Water

Bubly Blackberry Sparkling Water

Polar Natural Seltzer Water

Topo Chico Natural Mineral Water

1.1

1.16

1.24

1.66

2.24

6.41

9.76

Editor’s Note: This article also appeared in the November 2020 issue of Consumer Reports magazine. Bottled water testing for this project was made possible by the Forsythia Foundation, an organization focused on promoting public health and reducing chemical exposure.

America’s Water Crisis

Consumer Reports has a long history of investigating America’s water. In 1974, we published a landmark three-part series (PDF) revealing that water purification systems in many communities had not kept pace with increasing levels of pollution and that many community water supplies might be contaminated. Our work helped lead to Congress enacting the Safe Drinking Water Act in December 1974.

More than 45 years later, America is still struggling with a dangerous divide between those who have access to safe and affordable drinking water and those who don’t. Communities of color often are affected disproportionately by this inequity. Consumer Reports remains committed to exposing the weaknesses in our country’s water system, including raising questions about Americans’ reliance on bottled water as an alternative—and the safety and sustainability implications of this dependence.

In addition to our ongoing investigations into bottled water, we are proud to be partnering with our readers and those of the Guardian US, another institution dedicated to journalism in the public interest, to test for dangerous contaminants in tap water samples from more than 100 communities around the country. The Guardian and CR will also be publishing related content from Ensia, a nonprofit newsroom focused on environmental issues and solutions.

America’s Water Crisis is the name we are jointly giving to this project and the series of articles we co-publish on the major challenges many in the U.S. face getting access to safe, clean, and affordable water. We will share the results of our upcoming test findings with you. In the meantime, you can join our social media conversation around water under the hashtag #waterincrisis.

Gwendolyn Bounds
Chief Content Officer, Consumer Reports

What’s Really in Your Bottled Water? - Consumer Reports (1)

Ryan Felton

I'm an investigative journalist with an appetite to cover anything and everything. My job and goal is to dig into complicated issues that affect people's health, safety, and bottom line. I've covered everything from dangerous tires to subprime lending to corporate malfeasance. Got a tip? Drop me an email (ryan.felton@consumer.org), or follow me on Twitter (@ryanfelton) for my contact info on Signal.

What’s Really in Your Bottled Water? - Consumer Reports (2025)

FAQs

What’s Really in Your Bottled Water? - Consumer Reports? ›

“What's Really in Your Bottled Water?” CR's tests of 47 bottled waters found PFAS in several, especially carbonated ones. “How Safe Is Our Drinking Water?” CR worked with 120 volunteers across the country to test their water and found PFAS, lead, and arsenic in nearly all samples.

What is the healthiest bottled water to drink? ›

1. Mountain Valley Spring Water. Mountain Valley Spring Water tops the list for being one of the healthiest bottled water brands in 2024. The water has a naturally balanced pH between 7.3-7.7 which makes it slightly alkaline which can help neutralize acidity in the body.

What is the least toxic bottled water? ›

Here is our list of the 10 healthiest Bottled Water Brands in 2023:
  • Evian. Source: French Alps. Carbonation: Sparkling. ...
  • Fiji. Source: Artesian. Carbonation: Still. ...
  • Liquid Death. Source: Mountain Water. Carbonation: Sparkling and Still. ...
  • Acqua Panna. Source: Apennines Mountains. Carbonation: Still. ...
  • Waiakea. Source: Keau Aquifer.
Jul 5, 2023

What are you really drinking in bottled water? ›

Scientists tested bottled water from three different brands sold in the U.S. and found they contained up to 400,000 tiny plastic particles per litre.

What is the biggest criticism associated with bottled water? ›

Also concerning: The manufacturing and disposal of the plastic in all those water bottles is a major source of many of the chemicals that ultimately end up in, and contaminate, our drinking water.

Which bottled water is 100% spring? ›

Ozarka® Brand 100% Natural Spring Water.

What brand of bottled water is the purest? ›

1. Fiji. Since 1996, Fiji has offered clean, rainforest water to 60 countries. Sourced from an ancient artesian aquifer surrounded by dormant volcanoes, its purity is simply due to the fact that it's naturally filtered by volcanic rock.

What brands of bottled water have nanoplastics in them? ›

Columbia University researchers tested bottled water for nanoplastics and found hundreds of thousands of them. Evian, Fiji, Voss, SmartWater, Aquafina, Dasani—it's impressive how many brands we have for something humans have been consuming for millennia.

Why is bottled water not recommended? ›

Contaminated bottled water can harm your health, including causing gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Infants, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems may be more likely to get sick from some contaminants.

Which bottled water has the most contaminants? ›

The results were alarming: on average, each brand contained 8 different contaminants, ranging from caffeine and acetaminophen to fertilizers, solvents, plastic-derived chemicals, and strontium. Two brands, Walmart's Sam's Choice and Giant Food's Acadia, stood out for their particularly high levels of contamination.

Should I stop drinking bottled water? ›

Tap Water

However, as we discussed before, tap water is properly regulated. Again, bottled water can be filled with chemicals and other undesirable organisms and impurities. Tap water is less likely to have these issues. As a result, tap water is actually safer for you to consume than water from plastic bottles.

Why shouldn't we drink water in plastic bottles? ›

Various chemicals have the ability to seep into our bodies from things like plastic bottles and dermatological products. Serious health problems like insulin resistance, weight gain, endocrine disruption, lowered reproductive health and even cancer have all been related to these chemicals.

What happens if I drink bottled water every day? ›

People who drink large amounts of bottled water with high concentrations of chemicals like BPA or other replacements have been shown to be far more likely to suffer from health conditions like cardiovascular disease or even Type 2 diabetes.

What is the safest bottled water to drink? ›

The added chemicals and filtration systems used ultimately affect how the water tastes and its final pH level. The study concluded that four (yes, only four) bottled water brands have a pH and fluoride level completely safe for your teeth: Fiji, “Just Water,” Deer Park Natural Spring Water, and Evamor.

What is the main problem with bottled water? ›

A recent study also found that bottled water can contain 10 to 100 times more plastic than previously estimated — nanoparticles so tiny that they can migrate through our digestive tract or lungs and into the bloodstream, potentially distributing harmful chemicals through the body.

What is the Nestle bottled water scandal? ›

The mineral water scandal surrounding Nestlé is expanding: New media investigations in France show that the food company has apparently been filtering contaminated water using illegal methods since the 1990s and still selling it as “natural mineral water”, without informing consumers.

What are the healthiest water bottles to drink from? ›

In fact, out of all materials, stainless steel bottles are regarded as the safest and healthiest water bottles. But why? As mentioned earlier, stainless steel is an alloy free from all toxins and does not shed chemicals even if the container is damaged.

What bottled water does not have forever chemicals? ›

Bottled Waters without PFAS
  • Arrowhead Spring water.
  • Boxed Water.
  • Waiakea Hawaiian Volcanic Water.
  • Good & Gather (Target) Purified Water.

Which is healthier, Dasani or Aquafina? ›

The search results, however, mention a test showing Aquafina as slightly better in the antioxidants test compared to Dasani, but it should be noted that both waters were characterized as oxidizing which could be perceived as less beneficial for health.

Is spring water better than purified water? ›

In conclusion, the answer to is spring water better than purified water ultimately comes down to personal preference and individual needs. Spring water is considered to be more natural and less processed, and it may contain minerals that are beneficial for health.

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