A GPS antenna is a device that receives radio signals from GPS satellites at varying frequencies. The antenna expands the signals and converts them into electronic signals so that they can be interpreted by a GPS receiver. The GPS receiver then uses these signals to give an accurate estimate of the receiver's location.
Simply put, a GPS antenna helps you establish connectivity to the Global Positioning System (GPS). It is a system that was initially owned by the US Department of Defence. For years, GPS usage was limited for the military, but from1983 onwards,civilians have been using it as well.
If you've recently acquired a GPS antenna and are unsure of how to use it, this article should answer any questions you may have.
Some Basic Terms
Here are some of the basic terms you need to know before diving deep into using your GPS antenna.
GPS Antenna Splitter
A GPS splitteris a device that allows you to connect an antenna to two receivers simultaneously.
GPS Antenna Input
TheGPS antenna inputis used for satellite radio and GPS.
GPS Antenna Cable
GPS antenna cables, primarily coaxial cables, are wires used to transmit GPS signals from a GPS antenna to a GPS receiver.
Some cables can be used to connect a GPS device with an external GPS antenna or even an internal GPS antenna installed within a separate device. At one end of these cables, there is a radio frequency connector that connects with the antenna.
GPS cables (coaxial cable) are usually short and often double shielded to keep signal loss to a minimum. The lower your signal loss or variance, the more accurate your GPS readings will be.
GPS Antenna Frequency
Theantenna frequencyis the number of wave cycles per second. GPS signals are broadcast at sub-2 GHz frequencies by using the L-band of the radio frequency spectrum.
Each GPS satellite uses two types of frequencies to transmit data,L1 (1575.42 Mhz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz).
A third frequency band, theL5 bandhas been introduced for civilian use. It has a frequency of 1176.45 MHz and a bandwidth of 12.5 MHz. It has been devised to be robust and provide access for high-performance applications such as aviation and 'safety-of-life' purposes.
GPS Antenna Mount
A GPS Antenna mount is the mount used to attach a GPS antenna.
Typically, you can install a GPS antenna inone of two ways; wall mounting or pole mounting. In both cases, keep in mind to face the mounted antennas towards the sky for best results.
Types of GPS Antenna
GPS Antenna Types
There are two major types of GPS antennas: patch and quadrifilar helix (or quad helix for short). Quad helix antennas offer better isolation, while the patch antennas offer more gain. Most GPS receivers also come with in-built antennas.
Are GPS Antennas Directional?
No, GPS antennas are usuallyomnidirectional. This means that they can receive and transmit signals from and to different directions equally.
GPS Antenna vs. Receiver
A GPS receiver is a device thatlocates multiple satellites, calculates their distances from one another, and then calculates its own distance from those satellites. This process of triangulation is what makes GPS receivers so accurate. The GPS antenna is responsible for converting and amplifying signals generated by the receiver, as well as interpreting signals from the satellite network.
Most GPS receivers include a small omnidirectional antenna.
Active GPS Antenna vs. Passive
GPS antennas can be eitheractive or passive.An active antenna has an amplification stage, giving it greater accuracy and dependability over a wider reception range. Active GPS antennas are more complex than passive antennas and are more challenging to install.
In contrast, passive GPS antennas have no amplification stage. Their accuracy is still adequate for most consumer applications, however.
Workings of a GPS Antenna
How Does a GPS Antenna work?
Our earth is surrounded by numerous satellites that transmit radio signals down to you.
- The GPS antenna sends a signal to the satellites which the satellites then return.
- The signals are then processed by the receiver, which will calculate the time of arrival (TOA;
- at what time the initial signal returned from the satellite network to the receiver) and time of flight (TOF;
- how long it took for the signal to return).
- Using this data as collected from multiple satellites, the receiver than calculates its distance from each of the satellites it has pinged, triangulating its own current location.
Multiple cycles of this process occur simultaneously, and so the receiver can also extrapolate its own speed and direction of travel.
Sometimes signals moving between the receiver and satellite network are delayed by interference in the upper atmosphere. In these cases, the receiver compensates for the delay when making its calculations.
How Does a Directional Antenna Work?
A directional antenna receives signals efficiently from just one direction. Directional antennas are more energy efficient, as they're not sending and receiving information from every direction, instead confining themselves to a single point.
In this direction, they may pick up a weaker or more distant signal than an omnidirectional antenna using the same amount of power.
How to Use a GPS Antenna?
Generally, the internal GPS antennas work fine on most navigation devices. However, you may want to supplement your receiver with an additional antenna if it's older or under-powered.
External antennas are often used when the path between the sky and your GPS device isunclear or restricted. In addition, external antennas can help increase the speed and accuracy of older GPS receivers.
Can a GPS Antenna Go Bad?
A GPS antenna couldgo bad if one or more of its components fails. If your GPS antenna stops working, it will need to be replaced. If the internal antenna on a GPS receiver stops working, you can replace it with an external antenna rather than having to replace the entire receiver.
Onecommon point of failure in a GPS antenna is the balun. The balun's job is to convert balanced signals into unbalanced signals. They're usually very durable, but are vulnerable to extreme temperatures. In some cases, a balun can rust. The wires within an antenna are also vulnerable to damage, and even external damage to the antenna's housing can cause it to become less effective over time.
Testing a GPS Antenna
How to Test a GPS Antenna?
You can test the performance of a GPS antenna with a spectrum analyzer.
A spectrum analyzer is a device that evaluates the signals reflected from your antenna. Keep in mind that to test the performance of a GPS antenna you must connect it to a receiver.
Apart from that, you must also watch out fortwo things:
- Signal degradation.Whenever a GPS receiver pulls signals from a satellite through an antenna, it suffers signal degradation. The reasons may vary, from obstruction caused by trees or high buildings to any sort of jamming, absorption, or delay in the atmosphere. A little bit of signal degradation is normal, but too much can interfere with ordinary function of your GPS system.
- Low noise amplifier.GPS antennas have two essential parts: an antenna assembly, and a low-noise amplifier. The latter is a semiconductor chip and susceptible to overload. That's because it is made of gallium arsenide, which is highly sensitive to voltage. So, while testing your GPS antenna, be sure to operate at low to moderate voltages to avoid damaging your amplifier.
How to Check Your GPS Antenna with a Multimeter?
A multimeter is an instrument that measures the electric current, voltage, and resistance of electronic devices over a variety of ranges. If you want to check your GPS antenna's resistance, you need to set the unit measurement of yourmultimeter to ohms, denoted by the "Ω" symbol.
Then, followthese stepsto get the most accurate results when testing your GPS antenna's resistance.
- Detach your antenna cable from the receiver.
- Next, pick one cord of the multimeter and touch its end to the antenna's metal part. Now, pick the second cord of the multimeter and touch its end to the antenna cable's end.
- Ensure that the reading on the multimeter is zero. If it is not, you may be using a damaged cable or antenna. This could prevent GPS signals from reaching the receiver properly.
- Now, touch one end of the multimeter cord to the metal core of the antenna cable connector and the other to a grounded object.
- Again, the reading should be zero, or else your antenna may be faulty.
Installing a Global Positioning System Antenna
Where Is the Best Place to Mount a GPS Antenna?
The ideal place to mount a GPS antenna is out in the open, allowing radio signals from orbiting satellites to reach the antenna uninterrupted. This way, your antenna will be directly facing the sky with no obstructions whatsoever.
If you're mounting your antenna to a car, place the antenna in the middle of the car's roof. It's best to use an antenna mount to keep the antenna fixed to its position. Also, if you have any roof bars or radio antennas nearby, you must mount the antenna at least5 cm awayfrom them to keep the interference as low as possible.
For any GPs antenna installation, refrain from placing the antenna close to the ground, walls, or the edge of a roof. This is because reflections from such objects may interfere with the signal significantly.
GPS Antenna to USB
If you're looking for a GPS antenna with a USB connection, you may not find it that easily. Such types of connections don't come with standalone GPS antennas, so the closest you'll get is a receiver with an internal antenna and a USB connection. This one by GlobalSat, sold by Amazon, is a good example.
GPS Antenna With SMA Connector
GPS antennas do not normally come with an SMA connector. However, you may get an F-type connector with them easily, which is a bit bigger than SMA.
GPS Antenna with NMEA 0183 Output
NMEA 0183is designed to ensure a one-way data transmission from a "talker" device to one or more "listeners." There are many GPS antennas compatible with an NMEA 0183 output, including theProtempis (formerly Trimble) Acutime 360 Smart Antenna.
GPS Antenna With U.FL Connectors
U.FL and similar connectors, such as I-PEX, UMCC, or IPX, all support small coaxial cables of the kind used by most wireless devices. Most manufacturers and consumers prefer these connectors due to their compact size and low cost.
Because these coaxial cables are smaller in size, they are much easier to manage.
Unfortunately, if you are looking to get a U.FL connector along with your GPS antenna, you'll usually need to by your U.FL adapter separately.
GPS Antenna With a Blue FAKRA Connector
FAKRA connectors are high-quality SMB-based interfaces used in automotive applications. These connectors can evenoperate at up to 6 GHz.
If you want to connect your GPS antenna with a blue FAKRA connector, you can do so with any ofTrimble's Mini Mag Mount Antennas.
GPS Antenna With BNC Connector
BNC, or Bayonet Neill-Concelman, connectors come for almost all types of coaxial cables. These connectors are usually used at lower frequencies, typically below 4 GHz. They are available in both50-ohm and 75-ohm versions.
If you are looking for an upgraded version of BNC, you can go for TNC (also known as Threaded Neil-Concelman). This connector ensures its security with the use of threads that reduce leakage. As a result, the connectors get the opportunity to operate at higher frequencies,even up to 12 GHz.
Another plus of using TNC is that it's waterproof, so you can use it for outdoor antennas and cell towers without any worry. You can also get these connectors in a reverse polarity variant.
However, if your antenna only operates at frequencieslower than 4 GHz, you should go for a BNC connection rather than a TNC.
GPS Antenna and Receiver
A GPS receiver is an L-band radio processor that determines the location of the user, their speed, and theprecise time (PVT)by processing the signals sent by a GPS antenna to orbiting satellites, which then return the signal to the antenna.
GPS Antenna and Repeater
GPS repeatersare devices that extend the range of GPS signals. They work by duplicating, or repeating, the signal from a GPS antenna. They're typically placed outdoors and used when a broad area of very precise coverage is necessary.
GPS Antenna and Cable
GPS cablesare coaxial cables specifically designed to transfer GPS signals from an antenna to the receiver.
Splitting the GPS Antenna
Can You Split a GPS Antenna Signal?
Yes, you can split a GPS Antenna signal. With a good splitter, you can split the GPS signals into two or more receivers.
How Does a GPS Splitter Work?
A GPS splitter works by allowing one GPS antenna to be shared among two or more GPS receivers. For instance, a one-input, two-output splitter will split one GPS antenna between two receivers.
Can You Split a GPS Antenna Signal Among More than Two Receivers?
Yes, an antenna signal can be split between four or even eight receivers. An example of this type of GPS splitting is seen in a one-input, four-output splitter.
The splitter splits the input among four receiving GPS units. These splitters work efficiently with C-RAN or DAS (distributed antenna systems). Meanwhile, one-input, eight-output splitters split a single input among eight output RF devices.
Can You Splice GPS Antenna Wire?
Yes, you can, depending upon the type of transmission line you are using.
Some GPS receivers use acoaxial transmission lineto connect to their antennas. You can splice this type of transmission line in case of any damage.
However, remember to repair the wire in a way that won't change its impedance. You can use a multimeter to confirm the impedance of a repaired wire.
In the case of newer receivers, most of the components of the receivers are squeezed into an antenna. These GPS receivers don't work in the same way as a standard transmission line. Instead, they have amulti-conductor cable.
The cable supplies voltage to the receiver that generates an NMEA-0183 serial data output signal. Some may also have a conductor to assist in sending data to the receiver.
With such types of cables, you don't have to sweat about maintaining the characteristic impedance. Thus, you can surelysplice this antenna wire.
How Far Should the Cable from the Receiving Antenna be from the GPS Source Splitter?
When determining the distance between the source splitter and the receiving antenna, you need to consider the amount of signal loss. Splitter loss will account for a fraction of this signal loss.
Splitter lossis due to the split ratio, input connectors, output connectors, and material and build quality of the splitter. If you're using high-gain antennas (35dB), receivers tend to operate well in the 13dB +/- 2dB range of total attenuation between the receiver input and the antenna.
Receivers function well in the 6dB +/- 2dB attenuation range when paired with low-gain antennas (26dB).
You can use a multimeter to test the signal at each of your receivers. After wiring up your antenna, splitter, and all of your receivers, remove one receiver from the chain and connect the multimeter in its place. This will tell you the strength of the signal being received by that receiver. Do the same in turn for each of your receivers, and make sure that the signal being received is in the acceptable range for each, respectively.
To learn more about the line of Protempis (formerly Trimble)GPS Antennas. Or, check out the complete Protempis GPS Antenna Review.
